Ch.5 Origin and Evolution of Life
Prof.Dr.Sadhana Nikam
Vice Principal
Rashtriya Jr. College, Chalisgaon Subject - Biology
Notes of XII Science
CH.5 Origin and Evolution of Life
5.6 Modern Synthetic
Theory of Evolution :
Main Contributors of
Modern Synthetic Theory
of Evolution :
R. Fischer, J.B.S.Haldane, T.Dobzhansky, J. Huxley, E.Mayr, Simpson, Stebbins,
Sewall Wright, Mendel, T.H. Morgan etc.
Five key factors : Stebbins in
his book discussed
five key factors
as gene mutation, mutation in
chromosome structure & number, genetic recombinations, natural selection
and reproductive isolation
contributed in evulution
of species.
Q. Define Population ( 1 Mark)
Def : All individuals
of the same
species constitute a
population. e.g. Human being population.
Q.Define Mendelian population ( 1
Mark)
Small interbreeding group
of a population
is called Mendelian
population.
Q.
Define Gene Pool ( 1 Mark)
Def Gene
Pool : The sum total
of genes of
all individuals of
interbreeding population is
called Gene Pool.
Q.Define Gene frequency
(1 Mark)
The proportion of
an allele in
the gene pool
as compared with
other alleles at
the same locus
is called Gene
frequency.
Q.Which are the
concepts of Modern
synthetic theory (1 Mark)
Three main concepts
are a. Genetic variation
b. Natural Selection c. Isolation
Q. Define Genetic variation ( 1 Mark)
The change in
gene and gene
frequencies is known
as Genetic variation.
Q. What is Genetic
variation? Explain the different
factors responsible for genetic variations. (3 Marks)
The change
in gene and
gene frequencies is
known as Genetic
variation.
Factors causing
Genetic Variation :
A. Gene Mutation :
Def : Changes in
the chemical make
up of a
gene is called
Gene mutation.
Point Mutation : When mutation occurs
within the single
gene is called
point mutation.
This leads to
change in the
phenotype of organism
causing
variation.
B. Genetic
recombination : Exchange
of genetic material
occur between non-sister
chromatids of homologus
chromosomes during gamete formation
in sexually reproducing
organisms is called
Genetic recombination.
It produces new
genetic combinations which
result in variation.
C.
Gene flow : Transfer of
genes between genetically
different populations is
called Gene flow.
Gene movement
occur in the
form of migration
of organism or
gametes.
Gene flow
also changes gene
frequency causing evolutionary
changes.
D. Genetic drift
:
i.Any random
fluctuation in allele
frequency occuring in
natural population by
pure chance is
called Genetic drift.
ii. Smaller populations have
greater chances for
genetic drift.
iii.e.g.
When the size of a population is severely reduced due to natural disasters as
earthquakes, floods,fires which cause elimination of particular alleles from a
population causing Genetic drift.
iv.Genetic drift is
important factor for
evolutionary change.
E.
Chromosomal aberrations : The structural
morphological change in
chromosome due to
rearrangement is called
chromosomal aberrations.
Chromosomal aberrations occur
due to deletion, duplication, inversion and
translocation
Q.Explain how
chromosomal aberrations occur. (3 Marks)
Chromosomal aberrations
occur due to
following factors
a. Deletion : Loss of
genes from chromosome.
b.
Duplication : Genes are repeated
or doubled in
number on chromosome.
c. Inversion : A particular
segment of chromosome
is broken and
gets reattached to the same
chromosome in inverted position. Here no loss
or gain of
genes.
d. Translocation : Transfer of
a part of
chromosome or set
of genes to a
nonhomologus chromosome is
called translocation.
(Refer figures of Deletion, Duplication, Inversion & Translocation in Textbook page 101)
Natural selection:
Q. What is
natural selection (1 Mark)
The process
by which better
adapted organisms grow
& produce more number
of offsprings in
the population is
called Natural selection.
Q. By talking industrial
melanism as one
example explain the concept
of natural selection
( LA Que.)
OR
Q.Explain Natural selection with
example of Industrial
melanism
(LA Que.)
1. Industrial melanism is
one of the
best example of
natural selection.
2.It is related to
development of dark
coloured pepperered moth
due to air
pollution during industrial
revolution in Great
Britain.
3. In Great Britain
grey white winged
moths ( Biston betularia )
were more in
number than black
winged moth ( Biston carbonaria)
4. White winged moth
well adapted with
lichen covered trees
& protected from
predatory birds.
5.Black winged
moth resting on
lichen covered tree
trunks became easy
victims for predatory
birds & their
number reduced.
6. During industrial revolution
due to black
sooty smoke released
by industries lichen
killed & tree
trunk became black
due to air
pollution.
7. Black winged moth
well adapted and
their number increased
& white winged
moth become victim
& their number
reduced.
8. Thus natural selection
established phenotypic trait
relating with changing
environmental conditions.
Isolation :
Q. What is isolation
(1 Mark)
Separation
of a single
population into several
subunits which prevent
interbreeding between them
is called Isolation.
Q. Enlist types of
Isolation (1 Mark)
Isolation is of
two types as
A. Geographical isolation
B. Reproductive isolation.
Q. Write a note
on Geographical isolastion (2 Mark)
1. Def : The isolation occur
when an original
population
divided into two
or more groups
by geographical barriers
such as river, ocean,mountain, glacier is
called Geographical isolation.
2. These barriers prevent
interbreeding between isolated
groups.
3. The separated groups
are exposed to
different kinds of
environmental factors.
4. They acquired new
traits by mutation.
5. The separated population
develop distinct gene
pool & they
do not interbreed.
6. Thus new species
are formed by
geographical isolation.
e.g. Darwin’s Finches.
Reproductive isolation :
Q.What is
Reproductive isolation?
Describe different types of
Reproductive isolation. ( LA )
Isolation which
occur due to
change in genetic
material, gene pool and
structure of genital
organs is called
Reproductive isolation.
Types of Reproductive
isolation :
A. Pre-mating
or pre- zygotic isolation:
This mechanism prevent
fertilization & zygote
formation. It is of
four types as
follows.
i. Habitat or Ecological
isolation : Members of a
population living in
same geographic region
but occupy separate
habitat which prevent
interbreeding.
ii. Seasonal or temporal
isolation : Members of a
population attain sexual
maturity at different
time which prevent
interbreeding.
iii. Ehological isolation :Members of
two populations have
different mating behaviour
which prevent interbreeding.
iv. Mechanical isolation : Members of
two populations have
difference in the
structure of reproductive
organs which prevent
interbreeding.
B. Post mating or Post
zygotic barriers :
It is
of three types
as follows
i. Gamete mortality : Sperms transfer
occur but egg
is not fertilized due to
gametes have limited
life span.
ii. Zygote mortality : Here egg
is fertilized but
zygote dies due
to one or
other reasons.
iii. Hybrid sterility :
Hybrids develop upto
maturity but become
sterile due to
failure of proper
gametogenesis.
e.g. Mule is sterile
intergeneric hybrid.
5.13 Human
Evolution :
Q.Enlist Special charecters
acquired by man
in course of evolution.(2 Marks)
i. Increase in
size & complexity
of brain.
ii. Increase in cranial
capacity with increase
intelligence.
iii. Erect posture, bipedal locomotion
& opposable thumb.
iv. Shorter forelimbs &
larger hindlimbs.
v. Distinct chin
vi. Broad pelvic girdle vii. Stereoscopic vision viii.
Social & cultural
development.
Q. Complete the chart (2 Marks)
Appearance Human evolution
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ape like Dryopithecus
Man like Ramapithecus
Connecting link between Australopithecus
Ape & Man
Handy man like Homo habilis
Ape man Homo erectus
Advanced prehistoric man Neanderthal man
Modern man Homo sapiens
Q. Complete the chart ( 2 Marks)
Site of fossil record Human evolution
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lake victoria of Africa Dryopithecus
Shivalik Hills in India Ramapithecus
Toung in South Africa Australopithecus
Olduvai Gorge Tanzania Homo habilis
Java and peking Homo erectus
Neanderthal valley in Germany Neanderthal man
Africa Homo sapiens
Q. Complete the chart (2 Marks)
Period Human evolution
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Miocene epoch 20-25 mya Dryopithecus
Miocene & early pliocene Ramapithecus
epoch 14 - 12 mya
Late pliocene or early pleistocene Australopithecus
epoch about 4 - 1.8 mya
Late pliocene or early pleistocene Homo habilis
2.5 to 1.4 mya
Middle pleistocene epoch Homo erectus
1.5 mya ago
Late pleistocene epoch Neanderthal man
100000 to 40000 yrs ago
Q. Complete the chart (2 Marks)
Posture Human evolution
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semi erect Dryopithecus
erect Ramapithecus
upright Australopithecus
erect Homo habilis
erect Homo erectus
erect Neanderthal man
erect Homo sapiens
Q.Complete the chart (2 Marks)
Cranial capacity Human evolution
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----- Dryopithecus
----- Ramapithecus
450 to 600 cc Australopithecus
650 to 800 cc Homo habilis
900 cc Homo erectus
1400 cc Neanderthal man
1450 cc Homo sapiens
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(According to reduce syllabus during 2020 - 2021)
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