CH.15 Biodiversity, Conservation & Environmental Issues
Prof.Dr.Sadhana Nikam
Vice Principal
Rashtriya Jr. College, Chalisgaon
Biology Subject
Notes of XII Science
CH.15 Biodiversity, Conservation &
Environmental Issues
Introduction
:
Def : Biodiversity : The variety & richness of all plants &
animal species at different scales
in a space
& types of ecosystem ,both terrestrial
& aquatic within
a defined area
is called Biodiversity.
The term biodiversity was coined by Walter Rosen in 1982.
15.1 Levels
of Biodiversity :
Q. Enlist levels of
Biodiversity (1 Mks)
The levels of
biodiversity are
a. Genetic diversity b. Species
diversity c. Ecosystem diversity.
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a. Genetic diversity :
Q. Explain Genetic diversity ( 3 Mks)
i. Def : The diversity related
with the number
& types of
genes in
different species &
variation in genes
& their alleles
in the same
species is called
Genetic diversity.
ii. It is intraspecific
diversity.
ii. Genetic diversity lead
to individual differences
within species.
iii. When the genetic
diversity is greater
the species sustenance
is better. iv.Genetic variation
lead to evolution. v.It also improve
chances of continuation
of species in
the changing environmental
conditions. vi. Genetic diversity is
essential for existence
of subspecies &
for healthy breeding
species population. vii. e.g. Medicinal plant Rauwolfia
vomitoria secrete
active component reserpine
found in different
Himalayan ranges show
variation in potency
& concentration of
reserpine from location
to location.
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b. Species diversity :
Q. Write a note
on Species diversity (2 Mks)
i. The diversity related
to number of
plants and animal
species in that
region is called
species diversity.
ii. It is interspecific
diversity.
iii. Species diversity deals
with variety of
species & number
of
individuals of different
species in that
area.
iv. India is rich
in diversity among
15 nations.
v. Amphibian species diversity
is more in
western ghats than
in eastern ghats.
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c.
Ecological Diversity
Q. Explain Ecological diversity
(3 Marks)
i.Diversity related with
different types of
ecosystems within a
given geographical area
is called Ecological
diversity.
ii. There may be
one or many
different types of
ecosystems in a
region.
iii. In India variety
of ecosystems occur
such as deserts, rain, forests, estuaries, wetlands,
grasslands.
iv. In India ecosystem
diversity is very
higher & quite
lower in Norway.
v. Western ghats show
great ecosystem diversity
than region like
Ladakh and Rann
of Kutch.
15.2
Patterns of Biodiversity :
Q. Enlist patterns of
Biodiversity (1 Mks.)
There are two
patterns of Biodivesity
as
i. Latitudinal & Altitudinal
gradients
ii. Species area relationship.
Q.Explain Latitudinal &
Altitudinal gradients (3 Marks)
i.Species richness exhibits
latitudinal gradient for
many plants &
animals.
ii. Species richness is
higher at lower
latitudes.
iii. Species richness for
plants & animals
decreases from equator
to the poles.
iv. Species richness is
more in rain
forest as fruit
bearing plants are
more for frugivorous
organisms.
v. e.g. Species richness is
maximum in Amazon
rain forest 40,000 plants, 1300 birds, 427
mammals, 3000 species.
Q.
Explain Altitudinal Gradients (2 Marks)
i. It is
related with the
height from mean
sea level upwards.
ii. Species diversity is
more at lower
altitudes than at
the higher altitudes.
iii. Change in climatic
conditions & drastic seasonal
variation occur at
higher altitude.
iv. Species diversity decrease
at higher altitude.
Q. Write a note
on Species – Area relationship
i. It explained that
number of species
present is directly
proportional to the
area.
ii. German naturalist Alexander
Von Humboldt observed
that species richness
increase with the
increase in area
but up to
a limit. iii.
From the
graph of species
area relationship the
curve is rectangular
hyperbola for many
species.
iv. This relationship can
be described from
the equaion
log S = log C + Z
log A.
as S = Species
richness
A = Area
C as
Y intercept
Z as slope of
line.
v. Value of Z
ranges between 0.1
to 0.2 without species
or region.
vi.For larger areas
slopes are closer
to vertical axis.
vii. This observation indicate
that number of
species increase in
larger area.
Q.
Give importance of
Species diversity to
the ecosystem
i. Species richness help
to maintain stability
of an ecosystem.
ii. Loss of species
may not cause
threat to ecosystem
initially.
iii.Loss of key
species cause threat
to ecosystem in
very short time.
iv. Loss of species
affect food chains, food
web, energy flow and
natural cycles.
v. Loss of species
affect balance of
ecosystem.
Q. What is mean
by Productivity Stability
Hypothesis
The hypothesis which
explain that rich
diversity leads to
lesser variation in
biomass production over a period
of time is
called Productivity Stability
Hypothesis.
Q. Who explain Rivet
Popper Hypothesis (1 Mks)
Paul Ehrlich, an ecologist
from Stanford university
explain Rivet Popper
Hypothesis.
15.3 Biodiversity
Current Scenario :
i. Robert May has
given estimate of
about 7 million
species round the
globe.
ii. From pie chart
A there are
Total = roughly 1,800,000 species
of Organisms.
iii. From pie chart
B there are
Total = roughly 1,315,378
species of Animals.
iv. From pie chart
C there are
Total = 287, 655 species of Plants.
( For more reference
observe the pie
charts on Text
book page 324)
v. India have a
share of 8.1 %
of total biodiversity
wealth of the
earth.
vi. India is one
of the 12
megadiversity country of
the globe.
vii. India has 2.4%
of total land
area of the
world.
15.4 Loss
of Biodiversity :
Q.Enlist types of
extinction ?
There are three
types of extinction
as
i. Natural extinction ii. Mass
extinction iii. Man made
extinction.
Q.Which are natural
reasons causing damage
to Biodiversity (1 Mks)
Natural reasons are
forest fires, earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions.
Q. Which are Man
made reasons causing
damage to Biodiversity (1 Mks)
Man made
reasons are habitat
destruction, hunting, settlement,
overexploitation and reclamation.
Q.Which is the
major cause of
loss of biodiversity (1 Mks)
The major cause
is sixth extinction
as human intervention
in
natural habitats.
Causes of Biodiversity
losses :
Q. Explain causes of
Biodiversity losses. ( 3 Mks)
Four major causes
popularly known as
‘The Evil Quartet’.
i.
Habitat loss &
fragmentation :
Reduction in vast
natural habitats &
local degradation by
pollution are major
cause of destruction.
ii. Over- exploitation : Over – exploitation
of resources causes
threat to the
ecosystem.
E.g. Dodo bird, Stellar sea
cow, Passenger pigeon.
iii. Allen species invasion :
A new
species when introduced
in any ecosystem
accidently or intentionally
become harmful to
existing species called
as invasive species.
E.g. Carrot grass ( Parthenium),
Lantana & Water
hyacinth
( Eichhornia).
Introduction of predator
fish – Nile perch in
Lake Victoria become
harmful for 200
local species of
Cichlid fish.
Introduction of African
cat fish Clarias gariepinus
in India for
aquaculture proved harmful
to endemic catfish
varieties.
iv. Co- extinctions :
In obligatory association extinction of one variety leads to loss of associate variety from the ecosystem.
E.g. Extinction of host
fish causes extinction
of unique parasites.
The international Union
for Conservation of
Nature and Natural
Resources ( IUCN) maintains a
Red Data Book ( Red
list) to record the
conservation status of
plant and animal
species.
Categories :
1. Extinct : A species which
is totally eliminated
from earth called
as extinct species. E.g. Dinosaurs.
2. Extinct in the
Wild ( EW) :
A species that
survives only in
captivity.
3. Critically Endangered ( CR) : A species
which possess extremely
high risk of
extinction with very
few 50 surviving
members.
4. Endangered (EN) : Species that
possess a very
high risk of
extinction due to
a rapid population
decline (50-70%) over the previous
three generations.
5.
Vulnurable (VU): Species that
possess a very
high risk of
extinction as a
result of rapid
population decline (30 -50%)
previous three generations.
6. Near Threatened (NT): Species close
to become threatened.
7. Least Concern (LC) :
Species which are
abundant after careful
assessment.
8. Data Deficient (DD): Species in
which the amount
of available data
related to its
risk of extinction
is insufficient.
9. Not Evaluated (NE): Nearly 1.9
million species described
by
scientists but not
assessed by the
IUCN.
15.5 Conservation
of Biodiversity :
Q. Give reasons to
conserve Biodiversity
a. Narrowly utilitarian reasons : Biodiversity provides
resources for basic
needs such as
food, clothes, shelter or industrial
products like resins, tannins, medicines, perfume base
etc.
Def of
Bioprospecting : Systematic search
for development of
new sources of
chemical compounds, genes,
micro-organisms,macro-organisms
& other valuable
products from nature
is called Bioprospecting.
b. Broadly utilitarian reasons :Nature provide
free oxygen. Animals play
a crucial role
in pollination &
seed dispersal.
c. Ethical reasons : All living
beings have equal
right to survive
irrespective of their
known or prospective
economical use.
Q.Which are
types of conservation
strategies ( 1 Mks)
There are two
main types of
conservation strategies
a. In situ conservation
b. Ex situ conservation.
Q. Explain In situ
conservation
i. Protection of an
organism in its
natural habitat is
called In situ
conservation. E.g. Kanha
forest as tiger
reserve.
ii. Around 34 biodiversity
hotspots with high
species richness
& density .
iii. It include introduction
of traditional varieties
in farming &
horticulture e.g. In Maharashtra
Pawara tribals in
Satpuda have protected
varieties of corn
with different coloured
kernels.
iv. India has three
of world’s biodiversity
hotspots such as
Western ghats, Indo – Burma &
Eastern – Himalayas. v.
India has 14
biosphere reserves, 90 national
parks & 448 wildlife sanctuaries. vi. Maharashtra has 5
national parks &
11 sanctuaries.
Q. Explain sacred groves ( 2 Mks)
In many
cultures stretches of
forests were set
aside & protected
in the name
of Almighty called
as Sacred groves.
ii. Tribals do not allow
to cut even
a single branch
of tree from
sacred grove.
iii. Some endangered varieties
of plant &
animal species could
be saved through
sacred groves.
iv.These are found
in Khasi &
Jaintia hills in
Meghalaya, Western ghat regions
of Maharashtra &
Karnataka, Aravali hills
of Rajasthan &
Bastar & Chanda
& Sarguja areas
of Madhya Pradesh.
Q.
Explain Ex-situ conservation
i. A method of
protecting critically endangered
species away from
their natural habitat s
is called Ex-situ
conservation.
ii. Wild life safari
parks, zoological parks &
Botanical gardens.
iii. Animals whose decreased
in number are
allowed to breed
to protect them.
iv.Seed banks are
established to conserve
wild varieties of
food grains &
vegetables.
v. Modern techniques like
tissue culture, in vitro fertilization
of eggs &
cryopreservation of gametes
are used to
protect endangered species.
15.6 Biological
diversity Act 2002 :
India is
a part of
Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD-1992) of Earth
Summit , Rio de Janeiro.
* It defines biodiversity
as plants, animals,
microorganisms & their
parts, their genetic material
& by-products.
*It aims
at providing framework
for the sustainable
management & conservation
of contry’s natural
resources.
* The 3 tier system
has been established
as
National Biodiversity Authority ( NBA ) at
the national level.
State Biodiversity Boards ( SBBs) at the
state level.
Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) at
the local level.
15.11
Mission Harit Maharashtra :
i. It is
an ambitious project
of planting 50
crore trees in
four years was
taken up by
Government of Maharashtra
in the year
2016.
ii. This plantation is
with National Forest
Policy (NEP) has aim
of maintaining 33%
forest cover in
the country.
iii. To provide information
about plantation, protection &
mass awareness a
24 hour toll
free helpline number
1926 called ‘ Hello
Forest ‘ set up.
iv. The forest Department
has created a mobile application
‘My Plants’ to
record details of
the plantation.
v. State forest department
& Social Forestry
Department have run
plantation programmes using
Japanese Miyawaki pattern
in various districts
like Beed, Hingoli, Pune,
Jalgaon, Aurangabad etc.
Notes are according to reduce syllabus
2020-21.
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